The History of Bipolar Disorder - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1307 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Bipolar Disorder Essay Did you like this example? While Bipolar disorder most likely dates back as far as when our ancestors first came into existence, the earliest documentation we have on bipolar disorder goes back to 300- 400 BC the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had thanked melancholia for the gifts of artists, poets, and writers, the creative minds of his time. Whereas Greek physician Hippocrates believed that the state of depression (melancholy, melancholia) resulted from an excess of black bile in the body. The ancient physicians practiced medicine and diagnosis based on the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humorism, that four bodily fluids ( blood, yellow bile, black bile, and green phlegm) affect human personality traits. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History of Bipolar Disorder" essay for you Create order Moods, emotions, and behaviors. (This appears to be the earliest documented discovery of bipolar disorder.) In ancient times, it was documented that bipolar sufferers were treated inhumanely and sometimes sent to their premature deaths due to extreme treatments/punishments.In the earliest days of documentation, these people were viewed as crazy, possessed by the devil or demons, Dr. Gardenswartz says. The people ought to know that the brain is the sole origin of pleasures and joys, laughter and jests, sadness and worry as well as dysphoria, and differentiate between feeling ashamed, good, bad, happy Through the brain we become insane, enraged, we develop anxiety and fears, which can come in the night or during the day, we suffer from sleeplessness, we make mistakes and have unfounded worries, we lose the ability to recognize reality, we become apathetic and we cannot participate in social life We suffer all those mentioned above through the brain when it is ill Hippocrates (460-337 BC) Centuries would come and no new research or advances on bipolar disorder or mental illness would be conducted. It wasnt until the 18th and 19th century when developments in science and medicine were fast underway. Studies conducted allowed researchers, physicians, and early psychiatrist the opportunity to truly learn and grow an understanding of the disorder. It is at this time in 1854 when two French Psychiatrists Jean-Pierre Falret and Jules Baillarger began their individual research on bipolar disorder. Both men presented their research and reports on the disorder to the Academy of Medicine in Paris. Baillarger called his diagnosis to the disorder dual-form insanity and Falret called the disorder circular insanity, this is believed to be the first recorded diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Falfret was the first to identify that bipolar disorder is genetically linked. In his research, he followed 6 individual with bipolar symptoms and their families. He found that other family members showed symptoms as well. In 1902 a German psychiatrist by the name of Emil Kraepelin, who is considered the founder of the field of pharmacopsychology what is known today as psychopharmacology. Kraepelin is best recognized for his work in classifying mental disorders and for bringing together and analyzing the influence of biology on mental disorders, including bipolar disorder. Up until this time, most psychiatrists classified the symptoms of bipolar illness as a diagnosis for schizophrenia. It was through Dr. Kraepelins studies and diagnosis that a new term for the disorder was established Manic-depressive Psychosis. along with Manic-depression the term Kraepelin used to describe mental illnesses centered in emotional or mood problems. By the 1950s, German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard and his colleagues developed the classification system that led to the term bipolar, differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression. According to Robert L. Spitzer, MD, professor of psychiatry at Columbia University. The term bipolar logically emphasizes the two poles, Specifically, it is known that people with unipolar depression experience drops in mood, and people with bipolar depression usually experience both depressed and elevated moods in a cyclical manner. By 1952 the DSM American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) for classifying mental illnesses was available and was a big help in diagnosing many mental illnesses. The breakthroughs would come in the late 1970s and early 1980s when a lot more funding became available for research and studies into behavioral health. It was during this time in 1980 when Dr. Spitzer and his team wrote the third version and a major revision to the DSM. The 3rd version is considered a bible and a scientific instrument of enormous power by specialists and others in the professions, having done away with a one-size-fits-all classification system. Since then a fourth revision has been published in 2000 and a fifth in 2013. Along with the DSM, another relevant major system of classification is the International Classification of Diseases (10th revision, ICD-10, and the revised 11th revision, ICD-11) published by the World Health Organization. Both manuals ha ve deliberately merged their diagnoses to some extent, but there are some differences. An example is that ICD-10 does not include narcissistic personality disorder as a distinct category, while DSM-5 does not include enduring personality change after a tragic or stressful experience or after a psychiatric illness. While times have changed as did the names of mental disorders. so did the range of medical treatments for those with bipolar disorder. A new revision to the DSM is in the talks as of 2014 the revision would include removing a current concept of childhood bipolar disorder to the bipolar field and create a new disorder category called: Temper Dysregulation Disorder with Dysphoria (TDD). During the 1940s strong sedatives and barbiturates were prescribed especially to the grief-struck war veterans coming back from the war. prior to the 1950s and into the late 1950s; patients who showed signs of mental illness, delay or bipolar disorder were also institutionalized to separate them from others. Hot baths were used in the ancient times and continued to be used through the ages, presumed to calm the person down. Bleeding a patient was also a treatment used, thought to help cleanse the body of toxins and useful for balancing the patients system with the hopes the patient mind find mental relief. Electroconvulsive shock therapy and prefrontal lobotomies emerged as two more radical treatment options until new methods evolved and were accepted. Psychotropic medicine was developed and in its early stages, it was prescribed to young children as old 2 years old who seemed to fit a mood disorder like bipolar disorder. Dangerous consequences permanent irreversible damage and deat h came along with these treatments and were found to be inhumane and have since been banned for medical practice. Since the discovery and arrival lithium, the choices in medications (including antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants) combined with supportive, cognitive behavioral and insight-oriented counseling and care, have provided new tools to confront and manage bipolar disorder. We have come along way and Our understanding of bipolar disorder has certainly evolved since ancient times. Great advances in education and treatment have been and are being made in just the past century alone. In the next several decades, Drs believe we will see an increased differentiation of symptoms and of treatments, and possibly, the ability to prevent and detect the onset of the disorder. Still, theres a lot of work to be done because many people today arent getting the treatment they need to lead better quality lives. Thankfully, continuous research is ongoing to help us better un derstand even more about this confusing chronic condition. The more we learn about bipolar disorder, the more people may be able to receive the care they need. Research: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml From Mania to Bipolar DisorderBipolar DisorderClinical and Neurobiological Foundations https://davidhealy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2010-Healy-Mania-ch1.pdf A Short History of Bipolar DisorderPsychology Today https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201206/short-history-bipolar-disorder Demily C, Jacquet P, Marie-Cardine M. How to differentiate schizophrenia from bipolar disorder using cognitive assessment? Encephale. 2009;35:139â€Å"45. Vitiello B. Psychopharmacology for young children: clinical needs and research opportunities. Pediatrics. 2001;108(4):983â€Å"89. [PubMed] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Personality Disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). pp. 645â€Å"84. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.156852. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. PMC 4471981.

Twelve Years A Slave By David Wilson - 1193 Words

Twelve Years a Slave is based upon a true story and autobiography about a free African American man who had to fight for his life as well as his freedom after being captured. Solomon Northup was born a free man in Minerva, New York. Northup was known around town as an excellent fiddle player who had a wife, Anne Hampton and three children. In 1841 two men offered him an opportunity to get paid to play in a music show, but was then drugged by them and sold him into slavery. He was enslaved for 12 years, which hints the title, and he served multiple masters. Some nice who treated him fairly and some cruel and mean. Twelve Years a Slave was written by David Wilson and was recently turned into a movie.This movie was directed by Steve McQueen. The movie was not too far away from the real thing. There were some slight differences in the movie form what actually happened. We are able to determine the differences by using the movie as well as Northup’s memoir. Things such as how his s piritual beliefs, his family, and memories of him playing the violin helped him push through was shown more in the memoir but not so much the movie. Northup’s memoir was based upon the many letters he wrote to his family up North. Slave narratives such as his were created and published in pamphlet form. They were created to help go towards the abolitionist movement. Because of the white’s editorial control, the slaves were not able to fully express the way they truly felt. Throughout the movie youShow MoreRelatedTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1472 Words   |  6 PagesTwelve Years a Slave is a book which is written by Solomon Northup. He was born in New York. The book retail the author’s life story as a free black man from the North. He lived, got married to Anne Hampton, a woman of mixed (black, white, and Native American) and worked in New York, where is his family stayed. Besides, he was a great laborer and a violin player. In 1841, at the age of 33 a two con men offered him a profitable work with a high-paying job as a musician playing violin in the sierkRead MoreTwelve Years A Slave By Solomon Northup1636 Words   |  7 PagesMarina Ajayby Mrs. Fred Jordan History 2010 30 November 2015 Twelve Years a Slave Twelve Years a Slave is a book which is written by Solomon Northup. He was born in New York. The book retail the author’s life story as a free black man from the North. He lived, got married to Anne Hampton, a woman of mixed (black, white, and Native American) and worked in New York, where is his family stayed. Besides, he was a great laborer and a violin player. In 1841, at the age of 33 a two con men offered himRead MoreThe Slave System And The Treatment Of Slaves Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesSlave narratives were written for several main purposes such as to present a true description of the slave system and the treatment of slaves, to show the religious ideals of the main characters, and to appeal to abolitionists by showing the common humanity of slaves. Solomon Northup’s dominant purpose in writing the narrative novel Twelve Years a Slave is to present a true description of the slave system and the treatment of slaves. This purpose is chosen over the rest becau se he gives a clear explanationRead More12 Years A Slave : An Accurate And Verifiable Account Of The Common Slave Experience Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesMarilyn Montemayor Dr. Wallace U.S. History 2111 November 23, 2015 12 Years a Slave The film 12 Years is an accurate and verifiable account of the common slave experience in the United States in the antebellum South. 12 Years a Slave is set in the mid to late 1800s and tells a true life story of the life of Solomon Northup a free Black man sold south into slavery. He was the son of an emancipated slave. Northup was from upstate New York, and was kidnapped and sold into slavery in the South. NorthupRead MoreEssay on Solomon Northup2826 Words   |  12 Pagespain, assailed by a burning thirst and hallucinations, he finally lost consciousness. When he awoke, hours or days later, he was manacled on a bench in a slave pen; a dozen years would pass before he was freed and returned to his family. 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Using detailed imagery to recounted Northup s arduous experience as a slave, the book eloquently exposed important controversiesRead MoreReview Of Twelve Years A Slave- Dover Edition ( 2000 ) Essay2023 Words   |  9 PagesPart One: Review of Twelve Years a Slave- Dover Edition (2000) Twelve Years a Slave tells the first-person account of Solomon Northup, a black man born free in New York, who is kidnapped and sold into slavery in 1841 Washington D.C., prior to the Civil War. Mintus Northup, Solomon’s father, was emancipated upon the death of his owner, and continued as a free man to work in agriculture, for both members of the family that gave him his namesake, as well as other private farmers in New York stateRead MoreSummary of 12 Years A Slave1900 Words   |  8 Pagestraveling musical show, but soon after he accepted, they drugged him and sold him into slavery. He was subsequently sold at auction in New Orleans. Northup served a number of masters—some brutally cruel and others whose humanity he praised. After years of bondage, he came into contact with an outspoken abolitionist from Canada, who sent letters to notify Northups family of his whereabouts. An official state agent was sent to Louisiana to reclaim Northup, and he was successful throu gh a number ofRead More The Exploitative Colony of Virginia Essay4348 Words   |  18 Pagesbelieve that the early settlers of the colony of Virginia made it into an exploitative and ignorant colony, due to the fact that it was set up primarily to make a small number of individuals wealthy while ignoring the rights of its other members. In the year 1607, a group of adventurers from the Virginia Company established the first English-American colony in the Chesapeake Bay area (Greene, 1988). They landed in Jamestown, and it became the first English settlement to survive in the New World. 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Coca Cola Manages It’s Operations

Question: How Coca Cola Manages Its Operations? Answer: Introduction Bearing in mind that it is the global trendsetter in the beverage arena, it accompanies a variety of brands under its name for example, sodas, juices, practical game beverages and a ton of different items, out of all these products coke which is its legendary brand still tops and yet contributing altogether to the organization road and benefit era. Also the association has used a mass displaying framework together with excellent warehouse structures. Product 1.The portfolio of the products that the company manufactures are diet coke, sprite, Fanta, coke, caffeine free coke and sprite mix. Others include Dasani water, minute maid and lemon twist. (Hartogh, 2013). 2.What contributed to the growth of the business of coca cola was due to the fact that there were no beverage companies for many years, until when Pepsi Company emerged. (Hartogh, 2013) Therefore by the time Pepsi came, Coca-Cola Company had surpassed the growth stage of product life cycle. 3.For the Coca-Cola Company, they mainly manufacture their products worldwide through the affiliated companies that they acquired their franchise. 4.The Company has been in maturity stage since 2014 and there were times when sales dropped such that I almost fell to decline stage but due to the hard work of the marketing team, they boosted sales to a positive level. Process 1.The diagram above is the process model of production of coca cola soft drinks. As shown, the ingredients are subjected to washing and rinsing. This is to enable the combination of water, sugar, the famous secret formula, syrup, and carbon dioxide to be blended and mixed. From that point, the final drink is filled into bottles, capped, labeled, coded and then inspected. The final product is then packaged and kept in the warehouse for delivery. 2.The above process is continuous as it made to ensure that market demand is met. In order to ensure that this process is continuous, the company has employed people who work in shifts i.e. night shift and day time. The companys safety program They give noteworthy prosperity preparing to their business associates using the arrangement essentials portrayed in KORE as an overall benchmark. Planning covers new-contract selection and discontinuous refresher get ready for all business associates and diverse masters coordinating work for their advantage. Improving course to-market security remains a key need for the Company. Course to-market, or RTM, is characterized as the development of items and individuals between their packaging plants and their clients. In 2015 they likewise started pilots to investigate diverse methods for utilizing innovation to viably convey security substance, preparing, and evaluation devices. Cases incorporate more extensive utilization of smartphone apps for enhanced collaboration in the field The use of visual aids by Coca-Cola is very minimal. They only use in marketing their products through TV commercials like the share a coke campaign. I will recommend that they use it even in the employees workplace so that they can also enhance the safety of employees Location Since Coca-Cola is a worldwide brand, most of their businesses are located in cities and towns. The reason behind this is because partners who bought their franchise usually do have strategic locations for instance in Riyadh, it is in the most prestigious business location of Kharis road. Supply chain management There are various strategies used by Coca-Cola in supply chain management. They include; Value addition strategy. As this is very crucial for a business to grow, it helps in expanding the product value and lessening the wastage in an organization's production network. The essential idea of this term is to how to make the inventory network that powerful that it brings about the productivity of the organization. What's more, one can make their inventory network handle more significant by keeping up solid associations with providers or by utilizing innovation. In this manner, thusly, one can increase the value of its inventory network handle and change it into esteem chain. An item or administration must be esteemed when it satisfies the need and desire of the clients (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky and Simchi-Levi, 2015). Efficiency and sustainability strategy This is another key strategy for a good supply chain for the company. Therefore they have introduced combined heat and power systems to their production plants. This equipment is used to minimize the consumption of CO2. Operational strategy I t is quite amazing to find that coca cola products reach the supermarket shelves within twenty-four hours after manufacture. This is because the company continuously procure new state of the art production lines and sites. Every branch across the globe sources local workforce to ensure that the customer demands are met on time. How vendor selection/purchasing is handled At coca cola, all the printed material is overseen on the ERP frameworks which mean to be considerably more secure than printed material. Fundamentally the procedure of procurement begins with the selection of the supplier and winds up with the order placement with the preferred supplier (Tallant, 2013). How supply chain is managed The international supply chain of the company is a boundlessly complex arrangement of plants, bottling sites, stockrooms, and customers, close by various item offerings taking after various supply chains with the varying target (Tallant, 2013). In order to manage this, it implemented several guidelines for a successful management. These include;Develop a solid system for specifying pecking orders that change when the business changes. Focus on estimations to drive profit consistency and metric consistency over the stock system. Focusing on estimations requiring no manual intervention Focusing on industry rules that are not main for Coke Materials management/distribution TCC is the sole provider of the materials that coke uses in their manufacturing process. They include concentrates and syrups. They also partner with other licensors that have some of their raw materials. The company also get other raw materials apart from the mentioned before from different providers for instance bottles, cans, CO2 and water. More so every single approved compartment, terminations, cases, containers and different bundles, and marks for the results of TCCC must be obtained from producers affirmed by TCCC (Tallant, 2013). The use of e-commerce by Coca-Cola Company B2C or business to consumers is an e-commerce model used by coke. They made a web-based store known as cocacolastore.com that intended to extend cokes conveyance of requested stock. It highlights coke branded items like apparel and merchandise. The business partner behind this is Innotrac Inc. The assention calls for Innotrac to plan and build up the site and additionally deal with all parts of request preparing, satisfaction, and client mind. Recommendation and suggestion For the Coca-Cola Company that to contend in the market, they ought to keep a general mind their inventory network process and continue enhancing it with the evolving period (AGUS, 2011). To catch an upper hand they should continue improving new items and attempt their hands in different parts of .beverages and food Bibliography BUSINESS PERFORMANCE. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 1(5), pp.134- 134. Collider Coca-Cola. (2016). Physics World, 29(2), pp.3-3. Hartogh, M. (2013). It's Still the Real Thing: A Profile of the Coca Cola Company. SSRN Electronic Journal. Senker, C. and Foy, D. (2012). Coca Cola. 1st ed. London: Wayland. Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P. and Simchi-Levi, E. (2015). Designing and managing the supply chain. 1st ed. Boston [u.a.]: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, pp.10-20. Special Issue of Production and Operations Management: Retail Operations. (2009). Production and Operations Management, 18(1), pp.127-127. Tallant, J. (2013). Coca cola - the evolution of supply chain management. 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: Grin Verlag, pp.5-20. Yuvaraju, D., Subramanyam, D. and Rao, P. (2014). Advertising Strategy of Coca-Cola at Coca- Cola Beverages Pvt.Ltd. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(6), pp.122-